Malaria vaccine

ABSTRACT

A fusion protein, from  P. falciparum  Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) genetically coupled to  P. falciparum  Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) was produced in  Lactococcus lactis  as a secreted recombinant GLURP-MSP3 hybrid protein and experiments showed that the GLURP-part of the hybrid increased the overall antibody response. Immunizations with the hybrid protein consistently generated a stronger antibody response against the individual GLURP and MSP3 domains than a mixture of the two recombinant molecules injected at one site or the individual recombinant molecules injected simultaneously at two different sites. The difference was most pronounced for the MSP3-specific antibody response suggesting that T cell epitopes located in the GLURP RO-region provide help for B-cell epitopes in the MSP3 region. Moreover, when the animals were injected with a mixture of GLURP and MSP3, individual mice tended to mount a predominant antibody response against either molecule: in some animals GLURP was immunodominant whereas in other animals MSP3 was the dominant immunogen. Additionally, the hybrid was also more antigenic than the individual recombinant proteins since the ELISA-titer of naturally occurring IgG antibodies, in clinically

FIELD OF INVENTION

An antigen based vaccine against malaria comprising fusion proteins derived from Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) genetically coupled to at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein, e.g. the Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), or a vaccine comprising the DNA encoding this fusion protein and the production of such a vaccine.

BACKGROUND

Malaria is affecting 40% of the world's population with an estimated 1.5-2.7 million deaths annually (57). This represents a tremendous human suffering and a burden that prevents the development of the affected endemic communities. Malaria is now almost confined to the poorest tropical areas of Africa, Asia and Latin America, but transmission is being reintroduced to areas where it had previously been eradicated. Malaria is one of the world's greatest public health problems.

The increasing emerging of insecticide resistant vectors and drug resistant parasites calls for investment in new and better control tools. Malaria vaccines hold the potential to dramatically alleviate the burden of malaria. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying protective immunity is incomplete hence specific markers of protection still needs to be defined.

An effective malaria vaccine will require the induction of appropriate humoral and cellular immune responses, against several key parasite antigens expressed during the various stages of the parasite life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle provides an opportunity for a vaccine.

Two lines of evidence suggest that a malaria vaccine is attainable:

Firstly, it is a well-established observation that repeated exposure to malaria parasites can lead to the development of solid clinical immunity, a status of premunition with concomitant existence of parasites and protective antibodies. Clinically immune individuals generally have a lower parasite density and the immunity is quite effective at reducing mortality.

Secondly, experiments in humans as well as in animal models have established that immunizations can induce immunity against subsequent challenge with parasites suggesting that vaccination can become a realistic tool for malaria control.

In now classical experiments, Cohen and colleagues demonstrated that the passive transfer of antibodies purified from clinically immune individuals could ameliorate acute malaria attacks in African children with life-threatening P. falciparum infections (10). Druilhe and coworkers confirmed Cohen's results (42). They showed that IgG from clinically malaria immune West Africans were able—in a strain-independent manner—to substantially decrease the parasite load in asymptomatic Thai children with drug resistant P. falciparum malaria.

These groundbreaking passive transfer experiments have proven that antibodies are crucial in reducing/eliminating the asexual stage parasite load.

However, in vitro investigations with the same “protective” IgG preparations (42) demonstrated that antibodies do not inhibit parasite growth on their own, but act synergistically with blood mononuclear cells to control parasite multiplication (5). This parasite containing mechanism is referred to as antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) (5, 26, 31). Recent studies have further demonstrated that binding of cytophilic antibodies such as IgG1 and IgG3 in conjunction with blood mononuclear cells via their FcγIIa receptors trigger the release of killing factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (6).

Immuno-epidemiological studies support the in vivo relevance of a monocyte-dependent, antibody-mediated mechanism by showing a correlation between the acquisition of clinical immunity and levels of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies, which bind well to the monocyte FcγRIIa receptor (1, 41). The putative involvement of this receptor in the development of immunity against clinical malaria is also supported by the finding that allelic polymorphism in FcγRIIa is associated with differential susceptibility to P. falciparum malaria (45). Kenyan infants homozygous for the FcγRIIa-Arg131 allele are reported to be less at risk from high-density P. falciparum infections compared with children with the heterozygous Arg/His131 genotype (45). Since the FcγIIa-Arg131 genotype (but not the FcγIIa-His131 genotype) binds strongly to IgG1 and IgG3, this finding supports the notion that monocyte-mediated killing of P. falciparum is an important mechanism for parasite containment in vivo. Additionally, Aucan et al (2) found that levels of specific IgG2 antibodies—but not IgG3 and IgG1—were associated with protection from clinical malaria in a population from Bukina Faso. Subsequent sequencing of FcγRIIa revealed that 70% of the study subjects had the FcγRIIa-H131 allele. This allele binds strongly to IgG2 (56), suggesting that IgG2 is acting as a cytophilic subclass in this population (2). Collectively these observations suggest that the FcγRIIa genotype is an important factor for the development of immunity to clinical malaria and lends support to the validity of in vitro ADCI model.

The development of a vaccine for malaria has become increasingly recognized as a high priority in the effort to control malaria worldwide due to the increasing incidence of drug-resistant disease. New tools are therefore required to facilitate the clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines, particular the validation of in vitro correlates of the protection afforded by vaccination. ADCI may provide one such tool (13). The currently most prominent blood-stage vaccine candidates MSP1, MSP2, AMA1, and RESA have primarily been selected for clinical testing because of their ability to induce growth-inhibitory antibodies in pre-clinical animal models (9, 16, 16, 30, 55). However, despite initial promises, they have in general proved poorly immunogenic in the human volunteers (18, 25, 29, 43) and the induced antibodies were unable to inhibit the in vitro growth of P. falciparum. Thus, the in vitro invasion inhibition assay is not ready to serve as a surrogate marker of immunity.

The lack of suitable correlates of human protection that reflect inhibition of merozoite invasion has encouraged the development of other in vitro models that reflect possible killing mechanisms in clinically immune individuals. Druilhe and coworkers have hypothesized that antibodies act synergistically with human blood monocytes to control parasite growth in vivo and have accordingly developed the in vitro correlate of this killing mechanism—the ADCI assay. We have so far identified two antigens—GLURP and MSP3—that are targets of ADCI-effective human antibodies.

The Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) and the Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) are both targeted by human IgG antibodies, which can inhibit parasite growth in vitro in a monocyte-dependent manner (36, 52) and in viva in the humanized SCID mouse model (3). The similar effects of human antibodies against these antigens are also suggested by a number of immuno-epidemiological studies, which demonstrate that the levels of GLURP and MSP3 specific cytophilic antibodies (IgG1 and IgG3) are significantly associated with a reduced risk of malaria attacks (11, 38, 50).

The discovery of GLURP and MSP3 is based on the in vitro analysis of passive transfer of immunity by purified African Immunoglobulin G (5, 6, 14, 42). These investigations have led to the elucidation of a putative effector mechanism in the defense against P. falciparum malaria (12), and the subsequent identification of the involved parasite molecules. The major B-cell epitopes recognized by these human IgG antibodies have been localized to conserved sequences in the GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₂₅₇ regions, respectively (36, 50, 51). These studies lead to the identification of the N-terminal region of GLURP (GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉)(52) and the C-terminal region of MSP3, (MSP3₂₁₀₋₃₈₀) (36) as targets of biologically active antibodies.

Different regions of these antigens have previously been produced in Escherichia coli fused to various affinity-tags (35, 53, 54). Whereas such additional sequences are advantageous for purification they also pose a potential problem because host immune responses against such sequences may render them useless for repeated applications.

Immune epidemiological investigations confirmed the relevance of anti-GLURP and anti-MSP3 IgG antibodies to acquired protection:

For GLURP, three independent studies performed in Dielmo, Senegal (38), Dodowa, Ghana (11, 50) and OoDo, Myanmar (Soe Soe, unpublished) have demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between levels of GLURP-specific IgG3 and/or IgG1 antibodies and protection against malaria attack. This association was highly significant even after controlling for the confounding effect of age-related exposure to P. falciparum. These results confirm previous studies, which found that naturally occurring IgG antibodies to GLURP are associated with protection against disease in Gambian children (15) and against high levels of parasitemia in children from Liberia (21) and Burkina Faso (4).

For MSP3 a high ratio (>2) of cytophilic to non-cytophilic antibodies (IgG1+IgG3/IgG2+IgG4+IgM) allowed to distinguish individuals without recorded malaria attacks from individuals with malaria attacks. This was found in every age group among approximately 200 villagers from Dielmo who have been under daily clinical surveillance for more then 8 years (37). At the individual level, the occurrence of anti-MSP3 IgG3 antibodies was strongly associated with protection, in contrast to antibodies of other isotypes directed against the same molecule or antibodies of any isotype directed against 5 other antigens (37).

A similar consistency in seroepidemiological data is not common for any other malaria vaccine candidate as exemplified by MSP1, the hitherto leading candidate as a vaccine against P. falciparum malaria.

The major B-cell epitopes recognized by these human IgG antibodies have been localized to conserved sequences in the GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₂₅₇ regions, respectively (36, 50, 51). These studies lead to the identification of the N-terminal region of GLURP (GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉) (52) and the C-terminal region of MSP3, (MSP3₂₁₀₋₃₈₀) (36) as targets of biologically active antibodies.

Sequence analyses of the GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉ and MSP3₂₁₀₋₃₈₀ regions from 44 field isolates and laboratory lines of P. falciparum show that defined epitopes in GLURP (P1, P3, and P4) (48) and MSP3 (b peptide) (34), which are targeted by ADCI-effective human antibodies are almost completely conserved, suggesting that they are functionally constrained and not subject to selection for variation at the amino acid level. Of the different epitopes in the GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉ region, P3 might be the most important, since affinity-purified human antibodies against the P3 peptide mediated the strongest ADCI-effect in vitro (51). The conservation of major B-cell epitopes in GLURP and MSP3 is further supported by the observation that they are almost identical between P. falciparum and the closely related parasite Plasmodium reichenowi; a natural parasite for Chimpanzees (39, 53), and that plasma IgG antibodies from 71 adult Liberians clinically immune to malaria display identical binding patterns towards recombinant proteins representing the GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀ regions from both species (53).

Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GLURP and MSP3 B-cell epitopes recognized by biologically effective human antibodies are conserved between geographically distant P. falciparum isolates and functionally constrained, suggesting that a vaccine based on GLURP and MSP3 may protect against a broad range of parasite strains worldwide.

In vitro experiments showed that naturally occurring affinity-purified human antibodies to GLURP (52) and MSP3 (36) could inhibit parasite growth in a monocyte-dependent manner, whereas control antibodies affinity-purified on 7 other malarial vaccine candidates were unable to exert a similar effect (47).

The same inhibitory effect was obtained using naturally occurring affinity-purified IgG antibodies against both recombinant proteins (GLURP₂₇₋₄₈₉, and GLURP₇₀₅₋₁₁₇₈) (52) and synthetic peptides derived from the GLURP R0 region, P3 (GLURP₉₃₋₂₀₇), S3 (GLURP₄₀₇₋₄₃₄), and LR67 (GLURP₈₅₋₃₁₂) (50, 51), respectively.

In vivo experiments where affinity-purified MSP3b-specific human antibodies were passively transferred into P. falciparum infected Hu-RBC BXN mice, showed a parasite clearance as fast as that induced by Chloroquine, and faster than that induced by total. African IgG (3). The latter observation indicates that immunization with selected antigens may lead to stronger immunity than that induced by the whole parasite (3).

In vivo experiments where Aotus monkeys immunized with recombinant MSP3 in Freunds complete adjuvant were fully protected against an experimental P. falciparum challenge (20). Immunizations of Saimiri sciureus monkeys have demonstrated that GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀ adsorbed to Al(OH)₃ is non-toxic, immunogenic and elicit high titers of anti-GLURP antibodies which recognize P. falciparum by IFA (8). In a subsequent challenge with P. falciparum infected erythrocytes, two out of three monkeys were partially protected, this effect being directly related to the titer and epitope specificity of the antibodies developed by the primates in response to the immunogen (8).

These findings strongly support the notion that immune responses against GLURP and MSP3 B-cell epitopes that elicit ADCI-effective antibodies controls parasite multiplication in vivo.

Different regions of these antigens have previously been produced in Escherichia coli fused to various affinity-tags (35, 53, 54). Whereas such additional sequences are advantageous for purification they also pose a potential problem because host immune responses against such sequences may render them useless for repeated applications. It is therefore desirable to explore expression systems, which aims to produce the recombinant protein without a vector-encoded affinity-tag.

A restricted number of formulations based on MSP3 and GLURP have been select for further vaccine development and studied at the pre-clinical level first in mice (49, 54) and then in non-human primates challenged with P. falciparum (8). The N-terminal region of GLURP and the C-terminal region of MSP3 proved strongly immunogenic in pre-clinical models. These have now been produced individually using a new, highly efficient, expression system based on the pH and growth phase regulated promoter, P170, from Lactococcus lactis (23, 33).

We have so far identified two antigens—GLURP and MSP3—that are targets of ADCI-effective human antibodies and recently performed two clinical phase I trials with the individual antigens. Both vaccines induced strong cellular responses in the volunteers, whereas the IgG antibody responses were moderate. All volunteers from the GLURP trial generated antibodies against the P3 B-cell epitopes, which is the most prominent target of ADCI-effective antibodies in clinically immune individuals. The relatively low levels of vaccine-induced antibodies may be related to the limited number of B-cell epitopes on the GLURP synthetic peptides.

It is therefore, desirable to develop a vaccine based on a recombinant protein, which include GLURP and MSP3 preferably with neighboring sequences containing additional B- and T-cell epitopes or other antigens from P. falciparum such as the CS-antigen. It is also desirable to use expression systems, which produces the recombinant protein without a vector-encoded affinity-tag, such as L. lactis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A vaccine against malaria, which has an improved vaccine-induced antibody expression, is disclosed. The vaccine comprises a fusion protein derived from Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) genetically coupled to at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein, e.g. the Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), or the corresponding nucleotide sequence coding said fusion protein.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses an antigen based vaccine against malaria comprising a fusion protein derived from Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) genetically coupled to at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein or homologues hereof.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is a vaccine where the protein genetically coupled to GLURP is derived from the Merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3) from Plasmodium falciparum said fusion protein preferably having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1.

In another embodiment the vaccine comprises SEQ ID NO 1 and further immunogenic epitopes of a protein derived from Plasmodium falciparum.

Also disclosed is the fusion protein as such with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1 and a fusion protein further comprising one or more immunogenic epitopes of one or more proteins derived from Plasmodium falciparum, such as CS, MSP1, MSP2, MSP4, MSP5, MSP6, AMA1, Pf155/RESA, RAP1, EBA-175, pfEMP1, EXP1, LSA1, LSA3, Pf25, Pf45/48, P1230, Pf27, Pf16, or Pf28 is suggested.

The present invention also regards the preparation of above mentioned fusion protein from a recombinant bacteria, e.g. Lactococcus.

In another aspect, the invention relates a nucleic acid encoding the above mentioned fusion protein and the use of said nucleic acid for preparing a vaccine. A preferred embodiment of a nucleic acid used for a vaccine is the sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO 2.

In still another embodiment the vaccine comprises a recombinant BCG containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding above mentioned fusion protein.

Since vaccines based on GLURP and MSP3 induce the same type of immune responses i.e. high levels of cytophilic antibodies and possibly complement each other as targets for the immunesystem, the respective GLURP₂₅₋₅₀₀ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₂ regions were introduced together as a recombinant hybrid in Lactococcus lactis in a novel gene expression system, which is based on the pH and growth phase regulated promoter, P170, from L. lactis (7, 23, 33, 56). This gene expression system offers a simple fermentation procedure, which has been developed specifically for the P170 promoter. L. lactis was chosen as expression host because i) it is a well characterized industrial generally recognized as safe (GRAS) microorganism, best known for its use in the production of fermented dairy products, ii) it can be grown in a defined synthetic medium, iii) recombinant proteins may be secreted into the culture supernatant, from where they can be easily purified, iv) it does not produce toxic substances.

The N-terminal region of GLURP and the C-terminal region of MSP3 have now been produced in a chimeric fusion protein, as a hybrid protein, using L. lactic.

The immunogenicity of the hybrid protein has been studied in mice with Montanide (Seppic) used as the adjuvant. Montanide was used in recent clinical trials with long synthetic peptides derived from GLURP and MSP3, respectively. Immunizations with the hybrid protein consistently generated a stronger antibody response against the individual GLURP and MSP3 domains than a mixture of the two molecules.

The difference was most pronounced for the MSP3-specific antibody response suggesting that T cell epitopes located in the GLURP R0-region provide help for B-cell epitopes in the MSP3 region. This is a surprising ability of the GLURP antigen which can be used with other malarial antigens also.

In contrast, when the animals were injected with a mixture of GLURP and MSP3, individual mice tended to mount a predominant antibody response against either molecule. In some animals GLURP was immune dominant whereas in other animals MSP3 was the dominant immunogen.

The hybrid was also more effectively recognized by naturally occurring IgG antibodies in clinically immune African adults than the individual antigens.

The GLURP-MSP3 hybrid protein therefore has four major advantages compared to the individual GLURP and MSP3 molecules:

-   i) it is more immunogenic than any combination of the individual     molecules, -   ii) it generates a strong immune response against both GLURP and     MSP3, -   iii) it allows testing of both GLURP and MSP3 in a single clinical     trial, -   iv) it is predicted to be as safe as the individual molecules, since     pre-clinical testing in mice and in non-human primates has shown     that it does not contain neoepitopes in the fusion junction between     GLURP and MSP3.

Other identified antigens from P. falciparum suitable as a fusion partner to the GLURP antigen are CS, MSP1, MSP2, MSP4, MSP5, MSP6, AMA1, Pf155/RESA, RAP1, EBA-175, pfEMP1, EXP1, LSA1, LSA3, Pf25, Pf45148, P1230, P127, Pf16, or P128.

DEFINITIONS Fusion Proteins

A recombinant fusion protein is encoded by a nucleotide sequence, which is obtained by genetically joining nucleotide sequences derived from different regions of one gene and/or by joining nucleotide sequences derived from two or more separate genes. These nucleotide sequences may be derived from P. falciparum, but they may also be derived from other organisms, the plasmids used for the cloning procedures or from other nucleotide sequences.

Immunogenic Fragment or Epitope

An immunogenic fragment or epitope is defined as a part of the protein that induces an immune response in a biological sample or an individual currently or previously infected with a microorganism such as malaria.

The immune response may be monitored by one of the following methods:

-   -   An in vitro cellular response is determined by release of a         relevant cytokine such as IFN-γ, from lymphocytes withdrawn from         an animal or human being currently or previously infected with         malaria, or by detection of proliferation of these T cells. The         induction being performed by the addition of the polypeptide or         the immunogenic portion to a suspension comprising from 1×10⁵         cells to 3×10⁵ cells per well The cells being isolated from         either the blood, the spleen, the liver or the lung and the         addition of the polypeptide or the immunogenic portion resulting         in a concentration of not more than 20 μg per ml suspension and         the stimulation being performed from two to five days. For         monitoring cell proliferation the cells are pulsed with         radioactive labeled Thymidine and after 16-22 hours of         incubation detecting the proliferation by liquid scintillation         counting. A positive response being a response more than         background plus two standard deviations. The release of IFN-γ         can be determined by the ELISA method, which is well known to a         person skilled in the art. A positive response being a response         more than background plus two standard deviations. Other         cytokines than IFN-γ could be relevant when monitoring the         immunological response to the polypeptide, such as IL-12, TNF-α,         IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-6, TGF-β. Another and more sensitive         method for determining the presence of a cytokine (e.g. IFN-γ)         is the ELISPOT method where the cells isolated from either the         blood, the spleen, the liver or the lung are diluted to a         concentration of preferable of 1 to 4×10⁶ cells/ml and incubated         for 18-22 hrs in the presence of the polypeptide or the         immunogenic portion resulting in a concentration of not more         than 20 μg per ml. The cell suspensions are hereafter diluted to         1 to 2×10⁶/ml and transferred to Maxisorp plates coated with         anti-IFN-γ and incubated for preferably 4 to 16 hours. The IFN-γ         producing cells are determined by the use of labelled secondary         anti-IFN-γ antibody and a relevant substrate giving rise to         spots, which can be enumerated using a dissection microscope. It         is also a possibility to determine the presence of mRNA coding         for the relevant cytokine by the use of the PCR technique.         Usually one or more cytokines will be measured utilizing for         example the PCR, ELISPOT or ELISA. It will be appreciated by a         person skilled in the art that a significant increase or         decrease in the amount of any of these cytokines induced by a         specific polypeptide can be used in evaluation of the         immunological activity of the polypeptide.     -   An in vitro cellular response may also be determined by the use         of T cell lines derived from an immune individual or a malaria         infected person where the T cell lines have been driven with         either live P. falciparum, extracts from the parasite or culture         filtrate for 10 to 20 days with the addition of IL-2. The         induction being performed by addition of not more than 20 μg         polypeptide per ml suspension to the T cell lines containing         from 1×10⁶ cells to 3×10⁵ cells per well and incubation being         performed from two to six days. The induction of IFN-γ or         release of another relevant cytokine is detected by ELISA. The         stimulation of T cells can also be monitored by detecting cell         proliferation using radioactively labeled Thymidine as described         above. For both assays a positive response being a response more         than background plus two standard deviations.     -   An in vivo cellular response which may be determined as a         positive DTH response after intradermal injection or local         application patch of at most 100 μg of the polypeptide or the         immunogenic portion to an individual who is clinically or         subclinically infected with P. falciparum, a positive response         having a diameter of at least 5 mm 72-96 hours after the         injection or application.     -   An in vitro humoral response is determined by a specific         antibody response in an immune or infected individual. The         presence of antibodies may be determined by an ELISA technique         or a Western blot where the polypeptide or the immunogenic         portion is absorbed to either a nitrocellulose membrane or a         polystyrene surface. The serum is preferably diluted in PBS from         1:10 to 1:100 and added to the absorbed polypeptide and the         incubation being performed from 1 to 12 hours. By the use of         labeled secondary antibodies the presence of specific antibodies         can be determined by measuring the OD e.g. by ELISA where a         positive response is a response of more than background plus two         standard deviations or alternatively a visual response in a         Western blot.     -   Another relevant parameter is measurement of the protection in         animal models induced after vaccination with the polypeptide in         an adjuvant or after DNA vaccination. Suitable animal models         include primates, guinea pigs or mice, which are challenged with         an infection. Readout for induced protection could be decrease         of the parasite density compared to non-vaccinated animals,         prolonged survival times compared to non-vaccinated animals and         diminished weight loss compared to non-vaccinated animals.

Homologue Protein

Homology is defined as an analogue or variant of the fusion protein of the present invention. The fusion protein is characterised by specific amino acids and is encoded by specific nucleic acid sequences. It will be understood that such sequences include analogues and variants produced by recombinant or synthetic methods wherein such polypeptide sequences have been modified by substitution, insertion, addition or deletion of one or more amino acid residues in the recombinant polypeptide and still be immunogenic in any of the biological assays described herein. Substitutions are preferably “conservative”. Substitutions are preferably silent substitutions in the codon usage which will not lead to any change in the amino acid sequence, but may be introduced to enhance the expression of the protein. These are defined according to the following table. Amino acids in the same block in the second column and preferably in the same line in the third column may be substituted for each other. The amino acids in the third column are indicated in one-letter code.

ALIPHATIC Non-polar GAP ILV Polar-uncharged CSTM NQ Polar-charged DE KR AROMATIC HFWY

Vaccine, Protein

The invention pertains to a vaccine composition comprising a fusion protein according to the invention. In order to ensure optimum performance of such a vaccine composition it is preferred that it comprises an immunologically and pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or adjuvant.

An effective vaccine, wherein a protein of the invention is recognized by the animal, will in an animal model be able to decrease parasite load in blood and target organs, prolong survival times and/or diminish weight loss after challenge with a malarial parasite, compared to non-vaccinated animals

Furthermore, the fusion protein of the invention may be coupled to a carbohydrate or a lipid moiety, e.g. a carrier, or a modified in other ways, e.g. being acetylated.

When produced in a microorganism the fusion protein of the invention will normally not be acetylated if no special measures are taken. The acetylation may be advantageous as acetylated polypeptides may be more stable in cell, blood or body and tissue fluids. Furthermore, the acetylation may confer the polypeptide with a structure and confirmation which mimics the structure and confirmation of the native P. falciparum antigen.

Suitable carriers are selected from the group consisting of a polymer to which the polypeptide(s) is/are bound by hydrophobic non-covalent interaction, such as a plastic, e.g. polystyrene, or a polymer to which the polypeptide(s) is/are covalently bound, such as a polysaccharide, or a polypeptide, e.g. bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin or keyhole limpet haemocyanin. Suitable vehicles are selected from the group consisting of a diluent and a suspending agent. The adjuvant is preferably selected from the group consisting of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), Quil A, poly I:C, aluminium hydroxide, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), Treholose Dimycolate (TDM), Trehalose Dibehenate and muramyl dipeptide (MDP).

Preparation of vaccines which contain peptide sequences as active ingredients is generally well understood in the art, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,608,251; 4,601,903; 4,599,231 and 4,599,230, all incorporated herein by reference.

Other methods of achieving adjuvant effect for the vaccine include use of agents such as aluminum hydroxide or phosphate (alum), synthetic polymers of sugars (Carbopol), aggregation of the protein in the vaccine by heat treatment, aggregation by reactivating with pepsin treated (Fab) antibodies to albumin, mixture with bacterial cells such as C. parvum or endotoxins or lipopolysaccharide components of gram-negative bacteria, emulsion in physiologically acceptable oil vehicles such as mannide mono-oleate (Aracel A) or emulsion with 20 percent solution of a perfluorocarbon (Fluosol-DA) used as a block substitute may also be employed. Other possibilities involve the use of immune modulating substances such as cytokines or synthetic IFN-γ inducers such as poly I:C in combination with the above-mentioned adjuvants.

Another interesting possibility for achieving adjuvant effect is to employ the technique described in Gosselin et al., 1992 (19). In brief, a relevant antigen such as an antigen of the present invention can be conjugated to an antibody (or antigen binding antibody fragment) against the Fcγ receptors on monocytes/macrophages.

The vaccines are administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective and immunogenic. The quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, including, e.g., the capacity of the individual's immune system to mount an immune response, and the degree of protection desired. Suitable dosage ranges are of the order of several hundred micrograms active ingredient per vaccination with a preferred range from about 0.1 μg to 1000 μg, such as in the range from about 1 tag to 300 μg, and especially in the range from about 10 μg to 50 μg. Suitable regimens for initial administration and booster shots are also variable but are typified by an initial administration followed by subsequent inoculations or other administrations.

The manner of application may be varied widely. Any of the conventional methods for administration of a vaccine are applicable. These are believed to include oral application on a solid physiologically acceptable base or in a physiologically acceptable dispersion, parenterally, by injection or the like. The dosage of the vaccine will depend on the route of administration and will vary according to the age of the person to be vaccinated and, to a lesser degree, the size of the person to be vaccinated.

The vaccines are conventionally administered parenterally, by injection, for example, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories and, in some cases, oral formulations. For suppositories, traditional binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkalene glycols or triglycerides; such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1-2%. Oral formulations include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders and advantageously contain 10-95% of active ingredient, preferably 25-70%.

In many instances, it will be necessary to have multiple administrations of the vaccine. Especially, vaccines can be administered to prevent an infection with malaria and/or to treat established malarial infection. When administered to prevent an infection, the vaccine is given prophylactically, before definitive clinical signs or symptoms of an infection are present.

Due to genetic variation, different individuals may react with immune responses of varying strength to the same protein. Therefore, the vaccine according to the invention may comprise several different proteins in order to increase the immune response. The vaccine may comprise two or more polypeptides or immunogenic portions, where all of the proteins are as defined above, or some but not all of the peptides may be derived from P. falciparum or other microorganisms. In the latter example, the polypeptides not necessarily fulfilling the criteria set forth above for polypeptides may either act due to their own immunogenicity or merely act as adjuvants.

The vaccine may comprise 1-20, such as 2-20 or even 3-20 different proteins or fusion proteins, such as 3-10 different proteins or fusion proteins.

The invention also pertains to a method for immunising an animal, including a human being, against malaria caused by e.g. P. falciparum, comprising administering to the animal the fusion protein of the invention, or a vaccine composition of the invention as described above, or a living vaccine described below.

The invention also pertains to a method for producing an immunologic composition according to the invention, the method comprising preparing, synthesising or isolating fusion protein according to the invention, and solubilizing or dispersing the fusion protein in a medium for a vaccine, and optionally adding other antigens and/or a carrier, vehicle and/or adjuvant substance.

Another aspect of the invention is producing the hybrid protein of the invention in a recombinant microorganism which, besides expressing the DNA sequence encoding the present hybrid protein, additionally expresses one or more antigens having a therapeutic or protective effect against another disease than malaria, e.g. tuberculosis. These other antigens can be expressed as separate antigens or as fused to the hybrid protein of the present invention. Examples of other antigens effective against Tb are ESAT6, CFP7, CFP10, CFP29, ORF2c, TB13, MPT59, α-crystalline, Rv0285 and hybrids hereof, but the concept is not limited to TB or antigens against TB alone.

Vaccine DNA.

The nucleic acid fragments of the invention may be used for effecting in vivo expression of antigens, i.e. the nucleic acid fragments may be used in so-called DNA vaccines as reviewed in Ulmer et al 1993, which is included by reference.

Hence, the invention also relates to a vaccine comprising a nucleic acid fragment according to the invention, the vaccine effecting in vivo expression of antigen by an animal, including a human being, to whom the vaccine has been administered, the amount of expressed antigen being effective to confer substantially increased resistance to infections caused by P. falciparum in an animal, including a human being.

The efficacy of such a DNA vaccine can possibly be enhanced by administering the gene encoding the expression product together with a DNA fragment encoding a polypeptide which has the capability of modulating an immune response.

Live Recombinant Vaccines

One possibility for effectively activating a cellular immune response for a vaccine can be achieved by expressing the relevant antigen in a vaccine in a non-pathogenic microorganism or virus. Well-known examples of such microorganisms are Mycobacterium bovis BCG, Salmonella and Pseudomona and examples of viruses are Vaccinia Virus and Adenovirus.

Therefore, another important aspect of the present invention is an additional quality of the living BCG vaccine presently available, wherein one or more copies of a DNA sequence encoding one or more fusion proteins as defined above has been incorporated into the genome of the micro-organism in a manner allowing the micro-organism to express and secrete the protein. The incorporation of more than one copy of a nucleotide sequence of the invention is contemplated to enhance the immune response.

Another aspect of the invention is a non-pathogenic microorganism, such as e.g. L. lactis or BCG, expressing the DNA sequence encoding one or more fusion proteins as defined above and additionally expressing one or more antigens having a therapeutic or protective effect against a disease different from malaria, such as e.g. tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These other antigens can be expressed as separate antigens or as fused to the hybrid protein of the present invention. Examples of other antigens effective against Tb (identified by their Sanger database accession number) are Rv3875 (ESAT6), Rv1886c (Ag85B), Rv0288 (CFP7), Rv3874 (CFP10), Rv0798c (CFP29), Rv2031c (α-crystalline) and Rv0285 or fragments or hybrids hereof most preferable the ESAT6-Ag85B hybrid, but the concept is not limited to TB or antigens against TB alone.

The effect of such a DNA-vaccine can possibly be enhanced by administering the gene encoding the expression product together with a DNA fragment encoding a polypeptide which has the capability of modulating an immune response. For instance, a gene encoding lymphokine precursors or lymphokines (e.g. INF-γ, IL-2, IL-12) could be administered together with the gene encoding the immunogenic fusion protein, either by administering two separate DNA fragments or by administering both DNA fragments included in the same vector.

Another possibility is to integrate the DNA encoding the polypeptide according to the invention in an attenuated virus such as the vaccinia virus or Adenovirus (40). The recombinant vaccinia virus is able to replicate within the cytoplasma of the infected host cell and the protein of interest can therefore induce an immune response, which is envisioned to induce protection against malaria.

Therapeutic Vaccine.

The invention also relates to the use of a fusion protein or nucleic acid of the invention for use as therapeutic vaccines as have been described in the literature exemplified by D. Lowry (Lowry et al 1999). Antigens with therapeutic properties may be identified based on their ability to diminish the severity of malarial infection in experimental animals or prevent reactivation of previous infection, when administered as a vaccine. The composition used for therapeutic vaccines can be prepared as described above for vaccines.

LEGENDS TO FIGURES

FIG. 1. Schematic representation pf pPSM1013 and pAMJ328 and the expression constructs used in L. lactic. The position of vector encoded restriction sites mentioned in the text, promoter P170, Shine-Dalgarno sequence (SD), and 310mut2 signal peptide are indicated. The signal peptidase is predicted to cleave between amino acid no. 32 and 33, thus leaving Ala-Glu residues in the N-terminal end of the mature recombinant proteins. The nucleotide numbering of glurp and MSP3 was relative to A in the ATG codon of M59706 and L07944, respectively.

FIG. 2. (A) Coomassie blue-stained 12.5% polyacrylamide gel of purified GLURP-MSP3 fusion protein (lane 1), GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ (lane 2), and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ (lane 3) produced in L. lactis MG1363. (B) HPLC analysis on a C4 column of the GLURP-MSP3 hybrid protein and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄, respectively. The sizes (in kilodaltons) of the molecular mass markers are indicated. (C) Deduced amino acid sequences and peptide mapping of GLURP-MSP3 hybrid and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄. The first four amino acids (Ala-Glu-Arg-Ser) of the GLURP-MSP3 hybrid are derived from the cloning vector pSM1013. Samples for peptide mass mapping for were cut out of a coomassie stained SDS-PAGE gel. Half a band (approx. 1 μg protein) was washed, dried, reduced and alkylated with iodoacetamide before being digested overnight by modified trypsin (Promega, USA), essentially as described (44). The supernatant of the digest was applied to GELoader tips (Eppendorff, Germany) packed with Poros 20 R2 reversed phase material (PerSeptive, USA) and eluted with 0.8 μl of alpha-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid (20 μg/μl in 70% acetonitrile/30% water) directly onto the MALDI target (28). Analysis was carried out on a PerSeptive Voyager STR (PerSeptive, USA) operated in the reflector mode and the results were analyzed in GPMAW ver. 5.02 (Lighthouse data, Denmark). Sequences covered by peptides in the MALDI-TOF spectra are underlined and the percentage of total coverage of sequencing is indicated.

FIG. 3. Patterns of IgG antibody responses to pairs of GLURP and MSP3 derived antigens in 71 plasma samples from adult Liberians clinically immune to malaria. The coefficient of correlation and P value are provided in each panel.

FIG. 4. Antibody responses in mice. Groups of 10 mice were immunized with the hybrid (gr7), a mixture of GLURP and MSP3 in one syringe (gr8), or with GLURP and MSP3 in separate syringes at different sites (gr9). (A) Day 35 plasma samples were tested for antibody reactivity on ELISA plates coated with GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ or MSP3₂₁₂₋₃. Box plots show medians, 25^(th), and 75^(th) percentiles and whiskers show the range of the data. (B) Cumulative responses of mouse sera with 8 peptides representing GLURP B-cell epitopes (51) and (C) isotype response of mice for which results are presented in panel A. Each vertical bar represents the mean absorbance (±SEM) in GLURP- and MSP3-specific ELISAs.

FIG. 5. The hybrid contains only GLURP and MSP3 derived B-cell epitopes. A pool of plasma from mice immunized with the hybrid was pre-incubated with GLURP, MSP3, a mixture of GLURP and MSP3 or the hybrid at the indicated concentrations before being added to. ELISA coated with the hybrid. Prior incubation with a mixture of GLURP and MSP3 or the hybrid completely inhibited Ig antibody binding to the hybrid.

FIG. 6. Immunoblot analysis of P. falciparum NF54. A whole cell extract was separated on a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel and subjected to immunoblotting with plasma from mice immunized with GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ (lane 1), MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ (lane 2) and GLURP-MSP3 hybrid (lane 3). The sizes (in kilodaltons) of the molecular mass markers are indicated.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Materials and Methods

Bacterial strains, plasmids and growth conditions. E. coli DH10B (K-12, F mcrA Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC) φ80dlacZ Δm15 ΔlacX74 deoRrecA1 endA1 araD139 Δ(ara, leu)7697 galU galK λ⁻ rpsL nupG) (Life Technologies) containing the indicated plasmids was grown in Luria broth (LB) supplemented with erythromycin (200 μg/ml). L. lactis MG1363 (17) containing the indicated plasmids was grown in either M17 broth (Difco Ltd.) with 0.5% (wt/vol) glucose or an enhanced synthetic amino acid (SA) medium named 3×SA IV medium (24) supplemented with 1 μg/ml of erythromycin. Solidified LB or M17 media was supplemented with 200 or 1 μg/ml of erythromycin, respectively. The vector, pPSM1013 (FIG. 1), is a high-copy number expression plasmid based on the pAMβ1 replicon (46) containing unique restriction sites allowing the construction of in-frame fusions with an optimized secretion signal-peptide sequence, SP310mut2 (Ravn, P., Amau, J., Madsen, S. M., Vrang, A., and Israelsen, H. unpublished). The mRNA for the peptide is translated from a plasmid-encoded translational start site and transcribed from the pH and growth phase inducible L. lactis promoter, P170 (7, 23, 33). There is essentially no transcription from the P170 promoter at pH values of 7 or more. However, the transcription is induced in the transition to stationary phase at pH values below 6.5. Plasmid pAMJ328 is derived from pPSM1013 by deleting all lacZ regulatory sequences to avoid transcription from the lac promoter and by creating a new cloning region devoid of the signal peptide (32).

Construction of plasmids expressing GLURP and MSP3 in L. lactis. All plasmids were constructed in E. coli DH10B and transformed into L. lactis MG1363 by electroporation as described (22). All plasmid constructions were verified by DNA sequencing.

pMST73. The non-repeat region of FVO glurp was amplified with the primers 5′-CCC AGA TCT ACA AGT GAG AAT AGA AAT AAA C [nucleotides 79 to 100] (counting from A in the ATG start codon of M59706) and 5′-CCC AGA TCT TGC TTC ATG CTC GCT TTT TT CCG AT [nucleotides 1475 to 1500]; digested with BglII, and the resulting DNA fragment was cloned into BglII digested pPSM1013.

pKBR5. pMST73 plasmid was digested with BamHI and SalI, and the resulting DNA fragment containing the glurp insert was cloned into BamHI-SalI digested pAMJ328.

pKBR7. The non-repeat region of F32 glurp was amplified with the primers 5′-AAG TAG ATC TAC TAA TAC AAG TGA GAA TAG AAA TAA AC [nucleotides 73 to 100], and 5′-GTT CAG ATC TTT ATT CAT GAT GGC CTT CTA GC [nucleotides 1519 to 1542]; the resulting DNA fragment digested with Ben and cloned into BglII digested pPSM1013.

pKBR8. Plasmid pKBR7 was digested with BamHI and SalI, and the glurp insert was cloned into BamHI-SalI digested pAMJ328.

pKBR9. The C-terminal region of F32 MSP3 was amplified with the primers 5′-CCC AGA TCT AAA GCA AAA GAA GCT TCT AGT TAT [nucleotides 628 to 651] and 5′-ATT AGA TCT CAT TTA ATG ATT TIT AAA ATA TTT GGA TA, [nucleotides 1118 to 1140] (counting from A in the ATG start codon of L07944); the resulting DNA fragment was digested with BglII and cloned into BglII digested pPSM1013. This MSP3 region is identical to that of the FC27 allele (Accession number L07944) except for the following residues at variable positions in MSP3: 735 (T→C) and 948 (A→G).

pKBR10. Plasmid pKBR9 was digested with BamHI and SalI, and the MSP3 insert was cloned into BamHI-SalI digested pAMJ328.

pKBR11. The BglII-fragment of pKBR9 was cloned into pKBR5 digested partially with BglII yielding an in frame fusion between glurp₇₉₋₁₅₀₀ and MSP3₆₂₈₋₁₁₄₀. This hybrid molecule corresponds to the F32 allele except for the following residues at variable positions in GLURP: Leu-50, Asn-53, Glu-65, Asp-129, Glu-224, Pro-500.

Fermentation. Fermentation of L. lactis MG1363, containing plasmid pKBR8 (GLURP), pKBR10 (MSP3) or pKBR11 (GLURP-MSP3 hybrid), was carried out in 1 L of 3×SA IV-media supplemented with erythromycin (1 μg/ml), yeast-extract (0.5%) and glucose (1.5%) in 2 L fermenters at 30° C. The starting pH of the culture medium was adjusted to 7.4. Since L. lactis MG1363 produces lactic acid during the growth, pH is declining as cell density increases. After approximately 3 hours of growth, pH was reduced to 6 and this level was maintained by a pH-controlled intake of 2 M KOH for another 8 hours until the cell density was approximately OD₆₀₀=8. A 50% glucose solution was added in parallel with the base since this tends to increase the bacterial yield. Bacterial cells were removed from the culture-supernatant (containing exported protein) by ultrafiltration with a Pellicon 2 Durapore filter (PVDF, 0.22 μm, 0.1 m2) (Millipore). Culture-supernatants were either used immediately or stored at −20° C.

Purification of recombinant proteins. A purification strategy was developed for the recombinant GLURP, MSP3 and hybrid molecules. Cell-free culture-supernatants were concentrated on a Millipore Labscale™ TFF System installed with a Pellicon XL Biomax 8 filter (Polypropylene-membrane, 50000 Da, 50 cm2) and concentrates were buffer exchanged to 20 mM Bis-Tris (pH 6.4) on a Sephadex G-25 column (C26/40, 170 ml). Recombinant proteins were first purified on a 5 ml HiTrap Q Sepharose High Performance (Phamacia Biotech) column by applying a gradient of 0 to 1 M NaCl in column buffer at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Fractions (2 ml) containing the desired recombinant protein were pooled and dialyzed against 20 mM Bis-Tris (pH 6.4) and applied to a 5 ml HiTrap SP Sepharose High Performance (Phamacia Biotech) column. The recombinant protein was eluted by a gradient of 0 to 1 M NaCl in column buffer. GLURP and MSP3 were eluted in single peaks whereas the hybrid was eluted in two peaks. Fractions (2 ml) containing the desired peaks were pooled and adjusted to 1 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ and further purified on a 5 ml Phenyl Sepharose High Performance (Phamacia Biotech) by applying a gradient of 1 to 0 M (NH₄)₂SO₄ in 20 mM Bis-Tris (pH 6.4) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Analysis of all fractions was performed by SDS-PAGE. Protein concentrations were measured by the BCA™ protein assay (Pierce, Rockford, Ill., USA).

Immunization and purification of mouse IgG. Thirtk BALBc/CF1 BALBc/CF1 mice (27) female mice (7 to 10 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to three groups. Two groups were immunized with 20 μg of GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ hybrid (gr7), or with a mixture of 15 μg GLURP₂₃₋₅₁₂ and 5 μg MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ (gr8) by subcutaneous injections at the base of the tail, respectively, and the third group (gr9) received 15 μg GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₂ injected at the base of the tail and 5 μg MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ injected in the shoulder. All immunogens were emulsified in Montanide (®-?) and each mouse received three injections at 2-week intervals and was bleed on days 0, 14, 28 and 35. Total IgG was purified by (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation and subsequent purification on DEAE-columns from pooled serum samples taken on day 35 from animals in the groups gr7, 8, and 9 and from pooled day 0 samples.

ELISA and serum samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed as previously described in detail (54). The coating concentrations of GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₂, MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀, and GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ were 0.5, 1.0 and 0.5 μg/ml respectively. Serial dilutions of plasma from Liberian adults clinically immune to malaria, Danish donors never exposed to malaria (51), and mice were tested on ELISA plates coated with either antigen and the absorbance values were plotted against the plasma dilutions. In order to compare anti-hybrid antibody responses with the respective anti-GLURP and anti-MSP3 antibody responses in different plasma samples the antibody titer was defined as the plasma dilution, which gives an absorbance value of A492=1000 in the parallel portion of the curves.

Competition ELISA assays. Recombinant GLURP₂₅₋₃₁₈ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ and a mixture of these two antigens were added at various concentrations (3.2×10⁻⁵ μg/ml to 100 μg/ml) to a pool of plasma from mice immunized with the GLURP-MSP3 hybrid diluted in 1.25% (w/v) milk powder in PBS. The plasma dilution used was adjusted to give an absorbance (A492) of approximately 2500. The antigen-antibody mixtures were incubated overnight at 4° C. and subsequently the reactivity to GLURP-MSP3 hybrid coated ELISA plates was determined.

Indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody (IFA) test. IFA was performed as reported earlier (5). Briefly, a thin film of RBCs containing predominantly schizonts stages of P. falciparum NF54 were incubated with serial dilutions of purified mouse IgG in phosphate buffered saline (PBS pH 7.4) for 30 min at 37° C. in a humid chamber. After washing with PBS, mouse antibodies were revealed with Alexa Fluor conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Molecular probe, USA) diluted 1:300 in PBS. After washing the slide was examined under UV light. The endpoint titre was the highest dilution of the antibodies, which produce visible specific immunofluorescence.

RP-HPLC analysis of GLURP and GLURP-MSP3. Samples were analyzed on a HPLC system (Phamacia, Sweden), using a Protein C4 column (VYDAC®, 214TP54, USA). Analysis was done in a Acetonitrile: H₂O: TFA buffer system. Purified samples were diluted 1:2 in A-buffer (H₂O+0.1% (w/v) TFA) and applied on the column, elution was done using a linear gradient 0-80% B-buffer (80% Acetonitrile+0.1% (w/v) TFA) over 20 column volumes. Elution was monitored by UV-Abs. 214 nm. Peaks were collected and vacuum dried on a HetoVac (Heto, Denmark) and kept on 4° C. until further experiments.

Maldi-T of MS and ES-MS. Samples for peptide mass mapping for were cut out of a coomassie stained SDS-PAGE gel. Half a band (approx. 1 μg protein) was washed, dried, reduced and allylated with iodoacetamide before being digested overnight by modified trypsin (Promega, USA), essentially as described (44). The supernatant of the digest was applied to GELoader tips (Eppendorff, Germany) packed with Poros 20 R2 reversed phase material (PerSeptive, USA) and eluted with 0.8 n1 of alpha-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid (20 μg/μl in 70% acetonitrile/30% water) directly onto the MALDI target (28). Analysis was carried out on a PerSeptive Voyager STR (PerSeptive, USA) operated in the reflector mode and the results were analyzed in GPMAW ver. 5.02 (Lighthouse data, Denmark). Electrospray mass spectrometry of the intact protein was carried out on a fraction from RP-HPLC (approx. 20 μg protein). The sample was dried down and re-dissolved in 5% formic acid to a concentration of 20 pmol/μl before being analyzed on a Micromass QTOF (Micromass, UK) using a nanospray source.

Example 2 Expression of Glurp and MSP3 in L. lactis

PCR fragments encoding the glurp₇₉₋₁₅₀₀ and MSP3₆₂₈₋₁₁₄₀ regions were cloned side by side thereby creating an in-frame fusion between a vector-encoded signal-peptide and a GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ fusion protein (pKBR11, FIG. 1). This hybrid contains two additional amino acid residues created by joining these glurp and MSP3 fragments. For comparison, the individual glurp₇₃₋₁₅₄₂ and MSP3₆₂₈₋₁₁₄₀ fragments were also cloned (pKBR8 and pKBR10, FIG. 1). Plasmids were transformed into L. lactis MG1363 and the resulting strains were grown in fermentors as described in Materials and Methods. The pH of the growth medium was maintained at 6 to achieve optimal transcription from the P170 promoter (33). All three recombinant proteins were secreted into the culture supernatants from where they were purified by sequential ion exchange on HiTrap Q and SP Sepharose columns followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose. Subsequent SDS-PAGE showed that the plasmids pKBR11 (lane 1), pKBR8 (lane 2), and pKBR10 (lane 3) produced major products of 136, 100, and 36 kDa respectively (FIG. 2A). Additional lower molecular-mass bands were observed in the purified GLURP and MSP3 preparations. When analyzed by immunoblotting the smaller products in lanes 2 and 3 were specifically recognized, as were the full-length products, by antibodies to GLURP and MSP3 respectively, suggesting that they may result from incomplete translation of the mRNA and/or from protease cleavage of the primary protein products. A MALDI MS tryptic peptide map of the SDS-PAGE purified bands in lane 2 confirmed that this smaller molecular-mass protein is derived from GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ (data not shown). The purity of the GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ preparations was assessed by HPLC as described in Materials and Methods. GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ gave single major peaks (FIG. 2B). The molecular masses of GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₉ and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ were 74950 and 56518 Da (±20 Da), respectively, as determined by ES MS. Assuming that the two recombinant proteins each contain the vector encoded amino acid residues, A-E-R-S, attached to their N-terminal ends (FIG. 1), these molecular weights corresponds well to the predicted values of 74939 and 56518, respectively. Thus, both GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ recombinant proteins were intact and contained the predicted amino acid residues.

Example 3 Antigenicity of GLURP and MSP3 Produced in L. lactis

The antigenicity of the recombinant proteins was evaluated against plasma from 71 adults Liberians clinically immune to malaria (FIG. 3). Serial dilutions of all plasma samples were tested on separate plates coated with each recombinant protein and the antigen-specific titer was determined as the dilution giving an absorbance of 1000. As expected, different plasma contained different amounts of GLURP and MSP3-specific IgG antibodies (FIG. 3A). In general, hybrid-specific antibody titers exceeded those recorded with the individual GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ and MSP3 antigens (FIGS. 3B and C) suggesting that the hybrid molecule provides an adequate presentation of GLURP and MSP3 antigenic determinants, respectively.

Example 4 Immunogenicity of Recombinant GLURP and MSP3 Products

To determine whether the GLURP-MSP3 hybrid molecule is a superior immunogen compared to a mixture of the individual GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ molecules, groups of BALBc/CF1 mice were each immunized subcutaneously with the hybrid molecule in Montanide or with GLURF₂₅₋₅₁₄ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ combined in either one syringe or injected separately at two different sites. Following the third injection, day-35 sera were tested for IgG antibody reactivity against GLURP and MSP3, respectively. While the mean GLURP-ELISA titer is only marginally higher in the hybrid group than in the other two groups, mean MSP3-ELISA titer is 4.3-fold higher (Kruskal Wallis test, P<0.004) in the group receiving the hybrid compared to the group receiving MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ and GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ at two different sites (compare gr7 and gr9 in FIG. 4A). At the individual level, mice immunized with the hybrid reacted strongly with both GLURP and MSP3 domains whereas mice immunized with a combination of two molecules tended to mount a predominant antibody response against either GLURP or MSP3. The anti-hybrid IgG antibodies are mainly directed against the P3, P4, P11, and S3 peptides containing known epitopes for human antibodies (51); however peptides P5 and P9 which do not contain such epitopes were also recognized (FIG. 4B). Whereas the GLURP and MSP3-specific IgG subclass profiles are similar for all vaccine formulations (FIG. 4C), GLURP-specific IgG antibodies tends to use the Kappa light chain and MSP3-specific IgG antibodies tends to use the Lambda light chain. This difference in light chain was found for all GLURP or MSP3-specific antibodies whether raised against the hybrid or the mixtures of the individual molecules.

The specificity of mouse antibodies to the hybrid was also analyzed by competition—ELISA (FIG. 5). It appears that antibodies to the hybrid are purely GLURP and MSP3-specific, since a mixture of soluble GLURP₇₃₋₅₁₄ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀ could completely inhibit the binding of anti-hybrid antibodies to immobilized GLURP₂₇₋₅₀₀-MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀. Thus, the construction of a GLURP-MSP3 hybrid molecule has not created new B-cell epitopes in the overlapping area.

Example 5 Reactivity of Mouse Anti-GLURP and Anti-MSP3 Sera with Native GLURP and MSP3

The immunogenicity of the recombinant GLURP and MSP3 was also investigated by immunoblotting of parasite-derived proteins with sera from mice immunized with each of the three recombinant proteins, hybrid, GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄ and MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀, respectively. As demonstrated in FIG. 6, plasma from mice immunized with GLURP₂₅₋₅₁₄, MSP3₂₁₂₋₃₈₀, and the hybrid recognized polypeptides of approximately 220,000 Da (lane 1), 48,000 Da (lane 2), and both (lane 3), respectively.

Example 6 Antigen Competition Between GLURP and MSP3 Produced as Long Synthetic Peptides Immunogens

The MSP3 and GLURP regions used were produced as long synthetic peptides:

MSP3 (LR55): 181-RKTKEYAEKA KNAYEKAKNA YQKANQAVLK AKEASSYDYI LGWEFGGGVP EHKKEENMLS HLYVSSKDKE NISKENDDVL DEKEEEAEET EEEELE-276

and

GLURP (LR67): 85 NVPSGL DIDDIPKESI FIQEDQEGQT HSELNPETSE HSKDLNNNGS KNESSDIISE NNKSNKVQNH FESLSDLELL ENSSQDNLDK. DTISTEPFPN QKHKDLQQDL NDEPLEPFPT QIIIKDYKEKN LIN-213.

Immunizations

Twenty BALBc female mice (7 to 10 weeks of age) were randomly assigned to four groups and immunized by subcutaneous injections with different combinations of MSP3 and GLURP:

-   -   1. group 110 was immunized with 5 μg of LR55,     -   2. group 111 was immunized with 5 μg of LR67,     -   3. group 112 was immunized with a mixture of 5 μg LR55+5 μg LR67         by subcutaneous injections at the base of the tail,     -   4. group 113 received 5 μg LR55 injected at the base of the tail         and 5 μg LR67 injected in the shoulder.         All immunogens were emulsified in Montanide ISA720 and each         mouse received three injections at 2-week intervals and was         bleed on days 0, 14, 28 and 35.

ELISA

Serial dilutions of day 35 plasma samples were tested on ELISA plates coated with either LR55 or LR67 at 0.5 μg/ml respectively, and the absorbance values were plotted against the plasma dilutions. The antibody titer was defined as the plasma dilution, which gives an absorbance value of A492=1.00 in the parallel portion of the curves.

Results

To determine whether it is feasible to obtain a balanced immune response against a mixture of MSP3 and GLURP produced as long synthetic peptides, four groups of BALBc mice were each immunized subcutaneously with 1) LR55 (gr110), 2) LR67 (gr111), 3) LR55 and LR67 combined in one syringe (gr 112) or 4) LR55 and LR67 injected separately at two different sites (gr113). Sera collected 35 days after the first injection, were tested for IgG antibody reactivity against GLURP and MSP3, respectively. Mice immunized with LR55 or LR67 alone reacted strongly with either LR55 of LR67, respectively (FIGS. 7( a) and 7(b)). Likewise, mice immunized with the two molecules injected at different sits reacted strongly with both GLURP and MSP3 domains (FIG. 7( d)) whereas mice immunized with a combination of the two molecules administered in one syringe reacted exclusively against LR55 (FIG. 7( c)).

This result strongly supports the notion that a mixture of individual GLURP and MSP3 products cannot be administered in a single vaccine formulation without antigen competition between GLURP and MSP3.

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1.-15. (canceled)
 16. A malaria vaccine comprising a fusion protein that comprises a Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) genetically coupled to at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein selected from the group consisting of circumsporozoite protein (CS), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2), merozoite surface protein 4 (MSP4), merozoite surface protein 5 (MSP5), merozoite surface protein 6 (MSP6), apical membrane antigen (AMA1), Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf155/RESA), Rhoptry-associated protein (RAP1), Erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175), Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (pfEMP1), exported protein 1 (EXP1), Liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA1), Liver-stage antigen 3 (lSA3), Pf25, Pf45/48, Pf230, Pf27, Pf16, and Pf28 or a homologue/immunogenic portion of said fusion protein.
 17. The malaria vaccine according to claim 16, wherein the Plasmodium falciparum derived protein that is genetically coupled to GLURP is MSP3.
 18. The malaria vaccine according to claim 16, wherein said fusion protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 1. 19. An immunogenic polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein said sequence comprises a conservative substitution of one or more amino acids.
 20. The immunogenic polypeptide according to claim 19, further comprising at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein selected from the group consisting of circumsporozoite protein (CS), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2), merozoite surface protein 4 (MSP4), merozoite surface protein 5 (MSP5), merozoite surface protein 6 (MSP6), apical membrane antigen (AMA1), Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf155/RESA), Rhoptry-associated protein (RAP1), Erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175), Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (pfEMP1), exported protein 1 (EXP1), Liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA1), Liver-stage antigen 3 (lSA3), Pf25, Pf45/48, P1230, Pf27, Pf16, and Pf28.
 21. A method of making a fusion protein comprising: providing a construct that expresses a fusion protein comprising a GLURP and at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein selected from the group consisting of circumsporozoite protein (CS), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2), merozoite surface protein 4 (MSP4), merozoite surface protein 5 (MSP5), merozoite surface protein 6 (MSP6), apical membrane antigen (AMA1), Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf155/RESA), Rhoptry-associated protein (RAP1), Erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175), Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (pfEMP1), exported protein 1 (EXP1), Liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA1), Liver-stage antigen 3 (lSA3), Pf25, Pf45/48, Pf230, Pf27, Pf16, and Pf28; transforming a Lactococcus with said construct; and growing said Lactococcus under conditions that expresses said fusion protein.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising isolating said fusion protein.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein said fusion protein comprises GLURP and MSP3.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein said fusion protein comprises SEQ. ID. NO.: 1 or a homologue or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said homologue or immunogenic fragment thereof comprises at least one B-cell epitope and at least one T-cell epitope of GLURP together with at least one B-cell epitope of Msp3.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein said B-cell epitope of GLURP is selected from the group consisting of P1, P3 and P4, and said B-cell epitope of MSP3 is a b-peptide epitope.
 27. The method of claim 24, wherein said homologue or immunogenic fragment thereof induces: i) a proliferation of T-lymphocytes withdrawn from an animal or human that has previously been infected with tuberculosis, or a release of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 or TGF-β from said T-lymphocytes; or ii) an in vivo humoral response determined by production of antibodies in an infected individual, the presence of which are determined by an ELISA technique or a Western blot, wherein the homologue or the immunogenic fragment thereof is absorbed to either a nitrocellulose membrane or a polystyrene surface; wherein the response under i) or ii) is higher than two standard deviations above background.
 28. A recombinant expression system comprising an isolated nucleic acid that comprises a sequence encoding a fusion protein that comprises a Plasmodium falciparum Glutamate-rich protein (GLURP) genetically coupled to at least one other Plasmodium falciparum derived protein selected from the group consisting of circumsporozoite protein (CS), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), merozoite surface protein 3 (MSP3), merozoite surface protein 2 (MSP2), merozoite surface protein 4 (MSP4), merozoite surface protein 5 (MSP5), merozoite surface protein 6 (MSP6), apical membrane antigen (AMA1), Pf155/ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (Pf155/RESA), Rhoptry-associated protein (RAP1), Erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (EBA-175), Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein (pfEMP1), exported protein 1 (EXP1), Liver-stage antigen 1 (LSA1), Liver-stage antigen 3 (lSA3), Pf25, Pf45/48, P1230, Pf27, Pf16, and Pf28.
 29. The recombinant expression system of claim 28, wherein said sequence encodes a fusion protein that comprises GLURP and MSP3.
 30. The recombinant expression system of claim 28, wherein said sequence encodes SEQ ID NO. 1 or a homologue or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
 31. The recombinant expression system of claim 28, wherein said sequence comprises SEQ. ID. NO.:2 or a homologue or an immunogenic fragment thereof.
 32. The recombinant expression system of claim 30, wherein said homologue or immunogenic fragment thereof comprises at least one B-cell epitope and at least one T-cell epitope of GLURP together with at least one B-cell epitope of Msp3.
 33. The recombinant expression system of claim 32, wherein said B-cell epitope of GLURP is selected from the group consisting of P1, P3 and P4, and said B-cell epitope of MSP3 is a b-peptide epitope.
 34. The recombinant expression system of claim 30, wherein said homologue or immunogenic fragment thereof induces: i) a proliferation of T-lymphocytes withdrawn from an animal or human that has previously been infected with tuberculosis, or a release of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 or TGF-β from said T-lymphocytes; or ii) an in vivo humoral response determined by production of antibodies in an infected individual, the presence of which are determined by an ELISA technique or a Western blot, wherein the homologue or the immunogenic fragment thereof is absorbed to either a nitrocellulose membrane or a polystyrene surface; wherein the response under i) or ii) is higher than two standard deviations above background.
 35. The recombinant expression system of claim 28, further comprising a pH and growth phase regulated promoter operably linked to said isolated nucleic acid.
 36. A method of malaria immunization in an individual in need thereof, comprising administering to said individual an amount of the vaccine of claim 16 sufficient to immunize said individual against malaria.
 37. The method of claim 36, wherein said vaccine inhibits parasite growth in a monocyte-dependent manner.
 38. The method of claim 36, wherein said vaccine is administered orally.
 39. The method of claim 36, wherein said vaccine is administered parenterally.
 40. The method of claim 36, wherein the vaccine of claim 17 is administered.
 41. The method of claim 36, wherein the vaccine of claim 18 is administered.
 42. The method of claim 36, wherein said vaccine comprises the immunogenic polypeptide of claim
 19. 